What Is a Deformity?
A deformity is an abnormal shape of a bone or joint that is present at birth (congenital) or develops later (acquired). These abnormalities may restrict mobility, cause pain and reduce quality of life.
Causes and Types of Deformity
Deformities may develop for various reasons:
- Congenital Deformities: Abnormalities present from birth. Examples: congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot), congenital hip dislocation and scoliosis.
- Traumatic Deformities: Result from malunited fractures or improper bone healing.
- Metabolic and Neuromuscular Deformities: May result from conditions such as osteoporosis, rickets and cerebral palsy.
- Degenerative Deformities: Abnormalities developing from age-related joint wear (e.g. osteoarthritis).
Deformity Surgery and Treatment Options
Treatment is determined by the patient's age, degree of deformity and limitation of movement.
- Conservative Treatment: Physical therapy, orthotics and special insoles may be used for mild deformities.
- Surgical Treatment: Surgery is necessary for advanced deformities or those causing loss of function. Techniques include:
- Osteotomy: Correcting a deformity through controlled cuts in the bone.
- External Fixation: Gradual bone correction with devices such as an Ilizarov frame.
- Arthroplasty: Use of prostheses for joint disorders.
How Is a Deformity Diagnosed?
A comprehensive assessment is performed to diagnose the deformity accurately:
- Physical Examination: Bone and joint mobility, the degree of deformity and functional status are assessed.
- Radiological Imaging:
- Plain X-ray: Shows abnormalities in bone structures.
- Computed Tomography (CT): Analyzes bone details in three dimensions.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Examines soft tissues and nerve structures.
- Gait (Walking) Analysis: Used to assess walking abnormalities.
Deformity Surgery and Treatment Methods
Conservative (Nonsurgical) Treatments
- Orthotics and Support Devices: Custom insoles, splints and orthotics may be used for mild deformities.
- Physical Therapy and Exercise: Rehabilitation programs are used to correct muscle imbalances and improve mobility.
- Medication: NSAIDs may be used to reduce pain and inflammation.
Surgical Treatments
Surgery is selected according to deformity severity, patient age and loss of function.
Osteotomy (Bone Cutting and Correction Surgery)
- A procedure in which curved or malunited bones are cut and corrected to the appropriate angle.
- The bone is corrected and stabilized with a plate, screws or a fixator.
External Fixation (Deformity Correction with the Ilizarov Method)
- Circular or rod fixators correct the bone to the appropriate angle through millimetric adjustments.
- Suitable for both lengthening and deformity correction.
Arthrodesis (Joint Fusion Surgery)
- In severe joint disorders, the joint surfaces are fused to reduce pain and correct deformity.
Prosthetic Surgery (Joint Replacement Surgery)
- For degenerative joint disorders, deformity is corrected with a knee or hip replacement.
After Surgery
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation: Used after surgery to strengthen muscles and increase joint range of motion.
- Walking Training: Gradual walking training is provided using support devices (cane, walker).
- Regular Follow-up and Checkups: Reviews are performed at set intervals to monitor recovery after surgery.
Advantages of Deformity Surgery
Reduces pain and prevents loss of function.
Improves walking and mobility.
Provides aesthetic and psychological benefits.
Does Deformity Surgery Carry Risks?
Like any surgery, deformity operations carry certain risks:
- Infection
- Fracture or implant loosening
- Nerve and blood vessel injuries
- Prolonged recovery
However, success rates are high when performed by an experienced orthopedic surgeon.
Who Is Suitable for Deformity Surgery?
People experiencing severe pain and restricted movement
Patients who have not responded to orthotics and physical therapy
People with a difference in leg length
Patients with bone deformities such as scoliosis, clubfoot or malunion
